’Cut the bonds which bind our hands’: Deniable Operations during the Confrontation with Indonesia, 1963–1966

In 1966, Britain triumphed in a little-known low-intensity war against Indonesia. Orthodox assessments of what was known as the “Confrontation” have lionised British achievements during the campaign, especially the role played by Operation Claret: a campaign of secret, deniable cross-border operations. This article argues that, in fact, British deniable operations were extremely problematic and, indeed, increasingly unpopular with senior military officers. The argument highlights, in particular, the re-occurrence of a perennial problem in the use of military force: the difficulty in measuring during campaigns the extent to which tactical- and operational-level military successes actually translate into strategic political success.